Bayesian analysis is a statistical approach that involves updating beliefs or probabilities about a hypothesis as new evidence or data becomes available. In this framework, prior beliefs about the hypothesis are combined with the likelihood of the data given the hypothesis to calculate a posterior probability, which represents the updated beliefs after observing the data. Bayesian analysis allows for the incorporation of existing knowledge and uncertainties into statistical inference, making it a powerful tool for decision-making and inference in various fields such as machine learning, genetics, economics, and social sciences.